Microsoft Open Source Again Follows Munich
| East | |
|---|---|
| E eastward | |
| (See below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing organisation | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Linguistic communication of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0045, U+0065 |
| Alphabetical position | 5 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time menstruation | c. 700 BC to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (See below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | ee |
E, or e, is the fifth alphabetic character and the 2nd vowel letter in the mod English alphabet and the ISO bones Latin alphabet. Its proper noun in English is e (pronounced ); plural ees,[i] Es or E'due south.[2] Information technology is the most unremarkably used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph qʼ | Proto-Sinaitic | Proto-Canaanite hillul | Phoenician He | Etruscan Eastward | Greek Epsilon | Latin/ Cyrillic Due east |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Latin letter 'E' differs niggling from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in plow comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling man figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was most likely based on a like Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter of the alphabet epsilon, used to represent /east/. The diverse forms of the Erstwhile Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the name of the alphabetic character ⟨e⟩ in European languages
English
Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and short /eastward/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /ɛ/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, by and large at the end of words similar queue.
Other languages
In the orthography of many languages it represents either [e], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (every bit: ⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German language, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-central vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are mutual to point either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English language, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in High german, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in German.
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨due east⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.
Most common alphabetic character
'E' is the virtually common (or highest-frequency) letter of the alphabet in the English language alphabet (starting off the typographer'southward phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data pinch. In the story "The Gold-Bug" past Edgar Allan Poe, a grapheme figures out a random character code by remembering that the nigh used alphabetic character in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at to the lowest degree part of Wright's narrative issues were acquired past language limitations imposed by the lack of E."[8] Both Georges Perec'south novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered meliorate works.[9]
- Eastward with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ[10]
- ⱸ : East with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[11]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
- The umlaut diacritic ¨ used to a higher place a vowel letter of the alphabet in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front end vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet but uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in another writing systems):
- Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶓ : Epsilon / open east with retroflex hook[10]
- Ɜ ɜ : Latin alphabetic character reversed epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid cardinal unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ɝ : Latin small letter reversed epsilon / open e with hook, which represents a rhotacized open-mid primal vowel in the IPA
- ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open east with retroflex hook[x]
- ᶟ : Modifier letter small reversed epsilon / open e[ten]
- ɞ : Latin modest letter closed reversed open up e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown as ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
- Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid fundamental vowel in the IPA
- Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
- ɘ : Latin alphabetic character reversed eastward, which represents a close-mid cardinal unrounded vowel in the IPA
- The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open e:[12]
- U+1D07 ᴇ LATIN LETTER Modest Uppercase E
- U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN Modest LETTER TURNED Open up East
- U+1D31 ᴱ MODIFIER Alphabetic character CAPITAL E
- U+1D32 ᴲ MODIFIER Letter of the alphabet CAPITAL REVERSED Due east
- U+1D49 ᵉ MODIFIER LETTER Small-scale E
- U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL OPEN E
- U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER LETTER Small TURNED OPEN E
- U+2C7B ⱻ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED E [xiii]
- e : Subscript small e is used in Indo-European studies[14]
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription system symbols related to Eastward:[15]
- U+AB32 ꬲ LATIN SMALL Letter of the alphabet BLACKLETTER E
- U+AB33 ꬳ LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED E
- U+AB34 ꬴ LATIN Pocket-sized LETTER E WITH FLOURISH
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter of the alphabet), from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Є є : Ukrainian Ye
- Э э : Cyrillic letter East
- Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter of the alphabet Ei
- 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
- ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is perchance a descendant of Old Italic East
- 𐌴 : Gothic letter of the alphabet eyz
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- € : Euro sign.
- ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale inside the European Wedlock).
- e : the symbol for the elementary charge (the electric charge carried past a single proton)
- ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
- ∈ : the symbol for set up membership in set up theory.
- 𝑒 : the base of operations of the natural logarithm.
Code points
| Preview | E | east | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER East | LATIN Minor Letter E | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 69 | U+0045 | 101 | U+0065 |
| UTF-8 | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
| Numeric character reference | E | E | e | e |
| EBCDIC family | 197 | C5 | 133 | 85 |
| ASCII 1 | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
- 1 As well for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'due east' is signed by extending the index finger of the right paw touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left manus open.
Use every bit a number
In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering organization, E is a number that corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base 10) counting.
References
- ^ "E" a letter of the alphabet Merriam-Webster's Third New International Lexicon of the English Linguistic communication Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the proper name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered E'south, Esouth, e's, or due easts.
- ^ "E". Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford Academy Press. 2010. ISBN9780199571123.
noun (plural Es or E'due south)
- ^ Kelk, Brian. "Letter frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-02 .
- ^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Plain text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Fundamental Higher. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in Spanish". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in German". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Dance: Recreational Discussion Play. New York: St. Martin's Press (1996): 3
- ^ Eckler (1996): 3. Perec's novel "was so well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a letter constraint."
- ^ a b c d Lawman, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-eleven. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-twenty). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode vi Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
External links
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E
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